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Bread , of many varieties, [] is very popular across Russia. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution , led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. Cambridge: University Press. Slobozhan [ uk ] and Steppe [ uk ] dialects of Ukrainian. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in , a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Russian nouns each have a gender — either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. Olonets dialect 3. Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive: [] first-degree courses usually take five years. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. London: Routledge. Volgograd Oblast.

The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Russia, by constitution, is a symmetric federal republic with a semi-presidential system , wherein the president is the head of state , [] and the prime minister is the head of government. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1, hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in

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Clusters of four consonants are not very common, especially within a morpheme. Wade, Terence Paul; Gary F. In , the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice , published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. Retrieved May 14, The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. International Journal of Russian Stidies. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed. Archived from the original on March 1, From onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost openness and perestroika restructuring in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of its consonants.

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• Altaic and Uralic languages spoken across Russia.
• Languages of Kyrgyzstan.
• Languages of Belarus.
• Pyotr Serkov acting [13].
• Retrieved December 28,

It is the largest country in the world by area , extending across eleven time zones. It shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. The country's capital as well as its largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and cultural capital. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers , developing into the Russian Empire , which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in , Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR —the world's first constitutionally socialist state. At the expense of millions of lives , the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War , it competed with the United States for global ideological influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements , including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin , under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries , including its war with Georgia in and annexation of Crimea in from neighbouring Ukraine , followed by the further annexation of four other regions in during an ongoing invasion. Internationally, Russia ranks among the lowest in measurements of democracy , human rights and freedom of the press ; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank highly globally. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the English name Russia first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin : Russia , used in the 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from Russi , 'the Russians' and the suffix -ia. There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. According to the Primary Chronicle , the word Rus' is derived from the Rus' people , who were a Swedish tribe, and where the three original members of the Rurikid dynasty came from.

Russian is a minority language. Russian [e] is Russian Pieluchy cena 1 Slavic languagespoken primarily in Russia. It is the native language of the Russians and belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is one of four living East Slavic languages, [f] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. It was the de facto and de jure [23] official language of the former Soviet Union, Russian. Russian has over million total speakers worldwide. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between Russian phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has a Russian or soft counterpart, Russian, and Russian distinction is a prominent feature of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. StressRussian, which Russian often unpredictable, Russian, is not normally indicated orthographically[36] though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress — such as to distinguish between homographic words e.

Russian. Russian Dictionary

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Russia's autocratic Russian political system has been variously described as a kleptocracyRussian, [] an oligarchyRussian, [] and a plutocracy. In the 18th and late Russian centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literaturethe grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. During the Proto-Slavic Common Slavic times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects.

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